


////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
/////// Enfranchisement and Representation: Evidence from the //////////////////
/////// Introduction of Quasi-Universal Suffrage in Italy     //////////////////
/////// Replication material by Valentino Larcinese           //////////////////
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////


use "Enfranchisement and Representation 1900-1913.dta", replace


/////////////////////////////
//// Generate variables /////
/////////////////////////////

// Enfranchisement

gen Denf=100*(reg13-reg09)/reg13


// Main outcome variables

gen estrema04= rad04_pct+rep04_pct+soc04_pct
gen estrema09=rad09_pct+soc09_pct+rep09_pct
gen estrema13=soc13_pct+ rep13_pct+rad13_pct


gen Destrema1=(soc13_pct+ rep13_pct+rad13_pct)-(soc09_pct+rep09_pct+rad09_pct)
gen Destrema1_0409=(soc09_pct+rep09_pct+rad09_pct)-(soc04_pct+rep04_pct+rad04_pct)


gen estremaMP13=0
replace estremaMP13=1 if party13=="Socialista indipendente" | party13=="Socialista riformista" | party13=="Socialista ufficiale" | party13=="Repubblicano ufficiale" | party13=="Repubblicano dissidente" | party13=="Radicale"
gen estremaMP09=0
replace estremaMP09=1 if party09=="Socialista" | party09=="Radicale" | party09=="Repubblicano"
gen estremaMP04=0
replace estremaMP04=1 if party04=="Socialista" | party04=="Radicale" | party04=="Repubblicano"

gen DestremaMP=estremaMP13-estremaMP09 
gen DestremaMP_L=estremaMP09-estremaMP04

gen gainMP=0
replace gainMP=1 if estremaMP09==0 & estremaMP13==1

gen lossMP=0
replace lossMP=1 if estremaMP09==1 & estremaMP13==0


gen Daristocrat=nobile_1913-nobile_1909
gen DaristocratL=nobile_1909-nobile_1904


gen estab04=0
replace estab04=1 if nobile_1904==1 | landlord04==1 | military04==1 | diplomat04==1 | dynasty_1904==1

gen estab09=0
replace estab09=1 if nobile_1909==1 | landlord09==1 | military09==1 | diplomat09==1 | dynasty_1909==1 

gen estab13=0
replace estab13=1 if nobile_1913==1 | landlord13==1 | military13==1 | diplomat13==1 | dynasty_1913==1
 
gen Destab=estab13-estab09
gen DestabL= estab09-estab04


gen estrema_C13=0
replace estrema_C13=1 if rad13_pct>0 | rep13_pct>0 | soc13_pct>0 

gen estrema_C09=0
replace estrema_C09=1 if rad09_pct>0 | rep09_pct>0 | soc09_pct>0 

gen estrema_C04=0
replace estrema_C04=1 if rad04_pct>0 | rep04_pct>0 | soc04_pct>0

gen DestremaC=estrema_C13-estrema_C09
gen DestremaCL= estrema_C09-estrema_C04


gen Dherf=herf13-herf09
gen DherfL=herf09-herf04


/////////////
//*Turnout*//
/////////////
/*
Note: the measure of total votes in a districts used below is sumvoteX, not votX (see Codebook), where X=(04,09,13). 
The vot04 vot09 vot13 variables are in same cases inferior to the sum of the valid votes for all candidates. 
Although this problem is limited to only few cases (about 2% of electoral districts), it suggests that votX could have been measured
(i.e. reported in archival books at the time of election) with error. Hence sumvoteX variables have been preferred.
An alternative to using sumvoteX would be to use votX and replace votX=sumvoteX if votX<sumvoteX (this would still assume that errors only
occurred if votX<sumvoteX). In any event the difference in regression analyis is negligible (differences between sumvotX and votX 
are also negligible as shown by the correlations below). The votX variables are included in the dataset and robustness checks can be performed.

. corr vot13 sumvote13
(obs=508)

             |    vot13 sumvo~13
-------------+------------------
       vot13 |   1.0000
   sumvote13 |   0.9895   1.0000


. corr vot09 sumvote09
(obs=508)

             |    vot09 sumvo~09
-------------+------------------
       vot09 |   1.0000
   sumvote09 |   0.9958   1.0000


. corr vot13 sumvote13
(obs=508)

             |    vot13 sumvo~13
-------------+------------------
       vot13 |   1.0000
   sumvote13 |   0.9895   1.0000

*/

 
gen turnout13=100*sumvote13/reg13
gen turnout09=100*sumvote09/reg09
gen turnout04=100*sumvote04/reg04

gen Dturnout=100*((sumvote13/reg13)-(sumvote09/reg09))
gen DturnoutL=100*((sumvote09/reg09)-(sumvote04/reg04))



// Census variables (changes 1901-1911)

gen lnpop01=ln(pop1901)
gen lnpop11=ln(pop1911)
gen Dpop=lnpop11-lnpop01
gen Dill=ill11-ill01
gen Dind=ind11-ind01
gen Dagr_own=agr11_ownland-agr01_ownland
gen Dagr_not=agr11_notownland-agr01_notownland
gen Dposs=possidenti11-possidenti01

// political violence
gen Dviol=0
replace Dviol=1 if violence_reported13>0 & violence_reported09==0


// squares and interactions 
gen INT_E = Denf * Destrema1_0409  
gen INT_EMP=Denf*DestremaMP_L
gen estrema09_sq=estrema09^2
gen INT_aristocratL=DaristocratL*Denf
gen INT_estabL=DestabL*Denf
gen INT_EC= DestremaCL*Denf
gen INT_herf=DherfL*Denf
gen INT_turnout=DturnoutL*Denf
gen INT_swing=swing*Denf
gen estrema09sq=estrema09^2
gen INT_swing_inc=swing*incumbent13_estrema
gen INT_swing_gent=swing*gentiloni
gen INT_swing_MV=swing*Dviol





/*************************************************/
/*************************************************/
/************* Replicate tables ******************/
/*************************************************/
/*************************************************/


//Table 1


reg Destrema1 Denf, robust

reg Destrema1 Denf Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs , robust

reg Destrema1 Denf Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11, robust

xi:reg Destrema1 Denf Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 i.provincia, robust

xi:reg Destrema1 Denf Destrema1_0409 Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 i.provincia, robust

xi:reg Destrema1 Denf Destrema1_0409 INT_E Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 i.provincia, robust



//Table 2


reg DestremaMP Denf, robust

reg DestremaMP Denf estrema09 estrema09_sq , robust

reg DestremaMP Denf estrema09 estrema09_sq Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11, robust

xi:reg DestremaMP Denf estrema09 estrema09_sq Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 i.provincia, robust

xi:reg DestremaMP Denf estrema09 estrema09_sq DestremaMP_L INT_EMP Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 i.provincia, robust

  reg gainMP Denf estrema09 estrema09_sq DestremaMP_L INT_EMP Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 if estremaMP09==0, robust
   
   reg lossMP Denf estrema09 estrema09_sq DestremaMP_L INT_EMP Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 if estremaMP09==1, robust



   
   // Table 3
   
   
   xi:reg Daristocrat Denf Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 i.provincia, robust
   
   xi:reg Daristocrat Denf DaristocratL INT_aristocratL Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 i.provincia, robust

xi:reg Destab Denf Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 i.provincia, robust
   
   xi:reg Destab Denf DestabL INT_estab Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 i.provincia, robust

xi:reg DestremaC Denf Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11  i.provincia, robust

xi:reg DestremaC Denf DestremaCL INT_EC Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11  i.provincia, robust

xi:reg Dherf Denf Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 i.provincia, robust

xi:reg Dherf Denf DherfL INT_herf Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11  i.provincia, robust

xi:reg Dturnout Denf Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 i.provincia, robust

xi:reg Dturnout Denf DturnoutL INT_turnout Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 i.provincia, robust



// Table 4


xi:reg Destrema1 swing Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 i.provincia, robust

xi:reg Destrema1 swing Denf INT_swing Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11, robust

xi:reg Destrema1 swing Denf INT_swing Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 i.provincia, robust

xi:reg DestremaMP swing Denf INT_swing estrema09 estrema09sq Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11, robust

xi:reg DestremaMP swing Denf INT_swing  estrema09 estrema09sq Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 i.provincia, robust




// Table 5


xi:reg Dviol swing Denf Destrema1_0409 DturnoutL turnout09 estrema09 estrema09sq Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 i.provincia, robust

test estrema09 estrema09sq

xi:reg Destrema1 Dviol swing INT_swing_MV Denf Destrema1_0409 Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 i.provincia, robust

xi:reg Dturnout Dviol swing INT_swing_MV Denf DturnoutL Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 i.provincia, robust





// Table 6


 xi:reg gentiloni swing incumbent13_estrema INT_swing_inc Denf estrema09 estrema09sq Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 i.provincia, robust


   xi:reg Destrema1 gentiloni incumbent13_estrema Denf Destrema1_0409 Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 i.provincia, robust

   xi:reg Destrema1 gentiloni swing incumbent13_estrema INT_swing_inc  Dviol INT_swing_MV INT_swing_gent Denf Destrema1_0409 Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 i.provincia, robust
 
       xi:reg Dturnout gentiloni incumbent13_estrema Denf DturnoutL Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 i.provincia, robust

 
      xi:reg Dturnout gentiloni swing incumbent13_estrema INT_swing_inc Dviol INT_swing_MV INT_swing_gent  Denf DturnoutL Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 i.provincia, robust

  
  reg gainMP gentiloni Denf  estrema09 estrema09sq Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 if estremaMP09==0, robust

  reg lossMP gentiloni Denf estrema09 estrema09sq Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 if estremaMP09==1, robust


  
  
  
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  /////////////  REPLICATE TABLES A4 - A7 IN APPENDIX  ///////////////////
  ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
  
  
  
gen Denf0409=100*(reg09-reg04)/reg09
gen Destrema1_0004=estrema04-estrema00
gen DestremaMP_0004=estremaMP04-estremaMP00
gen Daristocrat_0004=nobile_1904-nobile_1900 
gen Destab_0004=estab04-estab00
gen DestremaC_0004= estrema_C04 - estrema_C00 
gen Dherf_0004 = herf04-herf00
gen Dturnout_0004=turnout04-turnout00


// Table A4

reg Denf ill11, robust

reg Denf ill11 ind11 urb11  agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 Dpop , robust

reg Denf0409 ill11, robust

reg Denf0409 ill11 ind11 urb11  agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 Dpop , robust

reg Denf estrema09 Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11, robust

xi:reg Denf estrema09 Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 i.provincia, robust

reg Denf estrema04 Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11, robust

xi:reg Denf estrema04 Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 i.provincia, robust

reg Denf estrema00 Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11, robust

xi:reg Denf estrema00 Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 i.provincia, robust



// Table A5 





//Panel A

xi:reg Destrema1_0409 Denf Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 urb11 i.provincia, robust

xi:reg DestremaMP_L Denf Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 urb11 i.provincia, robust

xi:reg DaristocratL Denf Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 urb11 i.provincia, robust

xi:reg DestabL Denf Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11  agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 urb11 i.provincia, robust

xi:reg DestremaCL Denf Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 urb11 i.provincia, robust

xi:reg DherfL Denf Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 urb11 i.provincia, robust

xi:reg DturnoutL Denf Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 urb11 i.provincia, robust



//Panel B

xi:reg Destrema1_0004 Denf Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 urb11 i.provincia, robust

xi:reg DestremaMP_0004 Denf Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 urb11 i.provincia, robust

xi:reg Daristocrat_0004 Denf Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 urb11 i.provincia, robust

xi:reg Destab_0004 Denf Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 urb11 i.provincia, robust

xi:reg DestremaC_0004 Denf Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 urb11 i.provincia, robust

xi:reg Dherf_0004 Denf Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 urb11 i.provincia, robust

xi:reg Dturnout_0004 Denf Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 urb11 i.provincia, robust


// Table A6

xi:reg Destrema1 Denf Destrema1_0409 INT_E Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 i.provincia if estrema09<61.1, robust

xi:reg Destrema1 Denf Destrema1_0409 INT_E Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 i.provincia if estrema09<53.2, robust

xi:reg Destrema1 Denf Destrema1_0409 INT_E Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 i.provincia if estrema09<61.1 & estrema13<100, robust

xi:reg Destrema1 Denf Destrema1_0409 INT_E Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 i.provincia if estrema09<53.2 & estrema13<100, robust

xi:reg Destrema1 Denf ill11 Destrema1_0409 INT_E Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11 i.provincia, robust


// Table A7


gen area="0"
replace area= "NW" if regione2010<4 | regione2010==7 | regione2010==20
replace area="NE" if regione=="Veneto"
replace area="C" if regione2010>7 & regione2010<13
replace area="S" if regione2010<20 & regione2010>12
replace area="S" if regione=="Campania"
replace area="S" if regione=="Abruzzi"

gen NW=0
replace NW=1 if area=="NW"
gen NE=0
replace NE=1 if area=="NE"
gen C=0
replace C=1 if area=="C"
gen S=0
replace S=1 if area=="S"

gen int_NW=NW*Denf
gen int_NE=NE*Denf
gen int_C=C*Denf
gen int_S=S*Denf


reg Destrema1 Denf NW NE C Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11, robust 

reg Destrema1 NW NE C int_NW int_NE int_C int_S Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11, robust

reg DestremaMP Denf NW NE C estrema09 estrema09sq Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11, robust

reg DestremaMP NW NE C int_NW int_NE int_C int_S estrema09 estrema09sq Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11, robust

reg Daristocrat Denf NW NE C  Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11, robust

reg Daristocrat NW NE C int_NW int_NE int_C int_S  Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11, robust

reg Destab Denf NW NE C  Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11, robust

reg Destab NW NE C int_NW int_NE int_C int_S  Dpop Dill Dind Dagr_own Dagr_not Dposs ind11 urb11 agr11_ownland agr11_notownland possidenti11 lnpop11, robust


///////////////////////////////////////////////
///// MAKE FIGURES A2 - A5 ////////////////////
///////////////////////////////////////////////

gen enfranchisement = Denf



// Fig A2

kdensity reg13, addplot(kdensity reg09)



// Fig A3

twoway (histogram enfranchisement, bin(30)) (kdensity enfranchisement)


// Fig A4

gen delta_estrema=(soc13_pct+ rep13_pct+rad13_pct)-(soc09_pct+rep09_pct+rad09_pct)

graph7 delta_estrema enfranchisement, s([area])


// Fig A5

generate illiteracy=ill11
graph7 enfranchisement illiteracy, s([area])


